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SS-31

Updated May 29, 2026

Primary Benefits

  • Supports mitochondrial function and cellular energy production
  • Protects cardiolipin and inner mitochondrial membrane structure
  • Helps reduce oxidative stress at the mitochondrial level
  • Supports endurance, exercise tolerance, and physical recovery
  • Commonly used for mitochondrial support, fatigue, and healthy-aging research

Mechanism of Action

SS-31, also known as elamipretide or MTP-131, is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that concentrates near the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its best-described mechanism is binding to cardiolipin, a phospholipid that helps maintain mitochondrial cristae structure and electron transport chain organization. By stabilizing cardiolipin-dependent membrane function, SS-31 supports more efficient ATP production, reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and helps protect cells under energetic stress. Elamipretide has also been studied clinically in primary mitochondrial myopathy and has an FDA-approved prescription form for Barth syndrome, although customer protocols should still be guided by a qualified clinician.

Dosing & Protocol

Subcutaneous (SQ) Injection (preferred)

Reconstitution:

-10 mg vial → 2.0 ml bacteriostatic water
-40 mg vial → 2.0 ml bacteriostatic water

Daily Dose:

-10 mg vial: 40–100 units (2–5 mg)
-40 mg vial: 10–25 units (2–5 mg)

Cycle:

-5 days on / 2 days off; 4–8 weeks or as directed by your healthcare provider

Timing:

-Morning most common. Pre-workout if applicable

Potential Side Effects

  • Injection-site redness, stinging, tenderness, itching, or mild swelling
  • Headache, nausea, dizziness, or lightheadedness
  • Temporary fatigue, body aches, or changes in energy during the first few doses
  • Flushing, warmth, or mild digestive upset in sensitive individuals
  • Rare: allergic reaction, chest discomfort, or concerning cardiovascular symptoms; stop use and seek medical guidance

If side effects occur, users commonly reduce dose or discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

Common Stacks

  • With MOTS-C: For mitochondrial signaling, metabolic flexibility, and exercise-performance research
  • With NAD+: For cellular energy, redox support, and healthy-aging protocols
  • With L-Glutathione: For antioxidant support and oxidative-stress management
  • With BPC-157 / TB-500: For recovery protocols where tissue repair and mitochondrial support are both desired

Notes

  • Injection is subcutaneous into the lower abdomen or another standard SQ site (such as the outer thigh or upper buttock).
  • SS-31 can sting or feel irritating at the injection site in some individuals; rotating sites can help.
  • Individuals with diagnosed mitochondrial disease, heart disease, or complex medication regimens should work with a qualified healthcare professional.
  • Lyophilized (dry) SS-31 vials should be stored in the freezer.
  • After reconstitution, store in the refrigerator and use within 45 days unless the product label or protocol says otherwise.
  • Because SS-31 acts on mitochondrial function, introduce it separately from other energy-focused compounds so response can be assessed clearly.

References

DailyMed FORZINITY (elamipretide) prescribing information

Link: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=146bf34c-76f2-48db-ac07-fb29cce2cd75&version=10

Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy, MMPOWER-3 (Karaa et al., 2023, Neurology)

Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37268435/

A randomized crossover trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy (Karaa et al., 2020, Mitochondrion)

Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7432581/

Elamipretide: structure, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential review (2024)

Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11816484/

Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA or Health Canada. Peptides and other compounds discussed are intended for research purposes only and are not approved for human consumption unless prescribed by a licensed medical professional. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any new protocol, supplement, or treatment.